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Two Hundred-Thousand-Year-Old City

Two Hundred-Thousand-Year-Old City

200000-year-old city found in Southern Africa may rewrite history

The complex ruins of a walled city, thought to be built by an advanced ancient civilization have been discovered in Southern Africa. This discovery may rewrite history- as soon as history is ready to be rewritten…

By Laura Bradfield

The great pyramid of Giza is thought to be one of the oldest structures in the world- it’s only 5000 years old. The most ancient structure on earth is reportedly the megalithic temples in Malta, carbon dated to 3500BCE. Right up until now these were known as the first advanced civilizations. Michael Tellinger and Johan Heine have discovered a sight in Mozambique’s Maputo that dates back 200,000 years.

The site is thought to be part of an ancient city that spans 10,000km’s. It has roads joining complex circular structures with agricultural areas which indicate that it belonged to a highly advanced civilization.

The sights and artifacts found in Mesopotamia and Egypt only date back 6000 years at the most. While the walls of the ancient Southern African city are made of Dolerite. By calculating the rate of Dolerite erosion, the structure itself has been dated to 200,000 odd years old. Although this date remains controversial.

The huge stone concentrically circled walls are best seen from the air. They are estimated to be 1500 square kilometers, although each wall is only 3,5meters high in places. The walls would have been far taller before the 200,000 years of weather erosion. The geology of the site is also interesting; situated beside numerous gold mines, it has been suggested they were the first gold miners.

Tellinger has written about his finds extensively in his book: Temples of the African Gods

An Anka has been discovered on one of the walls to the ancient Southern African city. Are you wondering how on earth there could be a symbol of an Egyptian god thousands of years before the Egyptian civilization emerged?

Historians believed Egyptians were the first to worship the gods etched all over Egyptian temple walls. But it is more likely that the Egyptians inherited their beliefs from this Southern African culture.

Will we have to rewrite history? Does no one want to do it?

“The photographs, artifacts and evidence we accumulated, point towards a lost civilization that has never before been and precedes all others- not for a few hundred years, or a few thousand years … but many thousands of years,” Tellinger said.

Michelle Tellinger has reportedly received many phone calls from archeologists and scientists commending him on his work. Rather painfully he still hasn’t received formal acclaim or support for this discovery. Potentially it’s the collective hubris of theorists, wanting their theories of historical civilizations to remain valid.

Despite the Sumerian tablets of the kings list, which detail a list of kings spanning over a 224,000 time period; 10 of which are kings documented to have existed before the biblical flood. “Archeologists don’t want to deal with, or acknowledge these time periods,” said Tellinger.

The ancient cities in Maputo not only validate but match the time periods documented by the Sumerians.

Unfortunately, theorists and historians still have no desire to let go of their previous postulations. For the record: The first advanced civilization existed in Southern Africa.
Africa is the cradle of mankind! 

The following is a partial Sumerian Kings’ List (from Wikipedia), just the oldest portion that must historians do not want to deal with.

RulerEpithetLength of reignApprox. datesComments
“After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug.”
Alulim8 sars (28,800 years) or 18 sars and 4 ners (67,200 years)
Weld-Blundell Prism: initial paragraph about rule of Alulim and Alalngar in Eridu for 64.800 years.[26][27] Refer to Wikipedia pages of Alulim and Alalngar for longer regnal dates
Alalngar10 sars (36,000 years) or 20 sars (72,000 years)
“Then Eridug fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira.”
En-men-lu-ana12 sars (43,200 years)
En-men-gal-ana8 sars (28,800 years)
Dumuzid, the Shepherd “the shepherd”10 sars (36,000 years)Dumuzid was deified and was the object of later devotional depictions, as the husband of goddess Inanna.
“Then Bad-tibira fell and the kingship was taken to Larag.”
En-sipad-zid-ana8 sars (28,800 years)
“Then Larag fell and the kingship was taken to Zimbir.”
En-men-dur-ana5 sars and 5 ners (21,000 years)Emmeduranki was taught arts of divination, such as how to inspect oil on water and how to discern messages in the liver of animals and several other divine secrets.[28][29][30][31][32][33]
“Then Zimbir fell and the kingship was taken to Shuruppag.”
Ubara-Tutu5 sars and 1 ner (18,600 years)Father of Utnapishtim in Epic of Gilgamesh
“Then the flood swept over.”[34][35][36]

First dynasty of Kish

RulerEpithetLength of reignApprox. datesComments
“After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven, the kingship was in Kish.”
Jushur1,200 yearshistoricity uncertainNames before Etana are archaeologically unverified.
Kullassina-bel960 yearsName is Akkadian for “Lord of all women” or possibly “All of them were lord”.
Nangishlishma670 years
En-tarah-ana426 years, 3 months, and 3 and a half daysWhy the reign length is so specific is unknown.
Babum300 yearsName is Akkadian for “gate”.
Puannum840 years
Kalibum960 yearsName is Akkadian for “dog”, also symbolic for humility.
Kalumum840 yearsName is Akkadian for “lamb”.
Zuqaqip900 yearsName is Akkadian for “scorpion”.
Atab (or A-ba)600 years
Mashda“the son of Atab”840 yearsName is Akkadian for “gazelle”.
Arwium“the son of Mashda”720 yearsName is Akkadian for “male gazelle”.
EtanaThe Myth of Etana. Seal impression of the Akkadian Empire period.“the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and consolidated all the foreign countries”1,500 yearsMyth of Etana exists
Balih“the son of Etana”400 years
En-me-nuna660 years
Melem-Kish“the son of En-me-nuna”900 years
Barsal-nuna(“the son of En-me-nuna”)*1,200 yearsName is Sumerian that might mean “Sheep of the Prince”.
Zamug“the son of Barsal-nuna”140 years
Tizqar“the son of Zamug”305 years
Ilku900 years
Iltasadum1,200 years
Enmebaragesi“who made the land of Elam submit”900 yearsEDIEarliest ruler on the list to be attested directly from archeology.
Aga of Kish“the son of En-me-barage-si”625 yearsEDIAccording to Gilgamesh and Aga he fought Gilgamesh.[37]
“Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to E-anna.”[34][35][36]

First rulers of Uruk

RulerEpithetLength of reignApprox. datesComments
Mesh-ki-ang-gasher of E-ana“the son of Utu”324 yearsLate Uruk PeriodHistoricity doubted, thought to be an addition by the Ur III period.[38]
“Mesh-ki-ang-gasher entered the sea and disappeared.”
Enmerkar“the son of Mesh-ki-ang-gasher, the king of Unug, who built Unug (Uruk)”420 yearsLate Uruk Period
Lugalbanda“the shepherd”1,200 yearsLate Uruk PeriodHistoricity is uncertain among scholars.[39]
Dumuzid the Fisherman“the fisherman whose city was Kuara.”
“He was taken captive by the single hand of Enmebaragesi
100 yearsJemdet Nasr periodHistoricity doubted, thought to be an addition by the Ur III period.[40]
Gilgamesh“whose father was a phantom (?), the lord of Kulaba”126 yearsEDIContemporary with Aga of Kish, according to Gilgamesh and Aga[37]
Ur-Nungal“the son of Gilgamesh”30 years
Udul-kalama“the son of Ur-Nungal”15 years
La-ba’shum9 years
En-nun-tarah-ana8 years
Mesh-he“the smith”36 years
Melem-ana6 years
Lugal-kitun36 years
“Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur).”[34][35][36]

First dynasty of Ur

Main article: First Dynasty of Ur

RulerEpithetLength of reignApprox. datesComments
Mesh-Ane-pada80 yearsc. 27th century BCExistence is likely as it is supported by many tablets.
Mesh-ki-ang-Nuna“the son of Mesh-Ane-pada”36 years
Elulu25 years
Balulu36 years
“Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan.”[34][35][36]

Dynasty of Awan

Main article: Awan dynasty

This was a dynasty from Elam.

RulerEpithetLength of reignApprox. datesComments
Three kings of Awan356 yearsName lost due to a lacunae.
“Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish.”[34][35][36]

Second dynasty of Kish

RulerEpithetLength of reignApprox. datesComments
Susuda“the fuller201 yearsEDII
Dadasig81 years
Mamagal“the boatman”360 years
Kalbum“the son of Mamagal”195 years
Tuge360 years
Men-nuna“the son of Tuge”180 years
(Enbi-Ishtar)290 yearsDefeated by Enshakushanna when Kish was sacked.
Lugalngu360 years
“Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Hamazi.”[34][35][36]

The First dynasty of Lagash (c. 2500 – c. 2271 BC) is not mentioned in the King List, though it is well known from inscriptions

Dynasty of Hamazi

RulerEpithetLength of reignApprox. datesComments
Hadanish360 years
“Then Hamazi was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk).”[34][35][36]

Wind Generation Breakthrough

Wind Generation Breakthrough

This wildly reinvented wind turbine generates five times more energy than its competitors

Story by Organically Human

This wildly reinvented wind turbine generates five times more energy than its competitors© Organically Human

Renewable energy could power the world within the next 30 years, and wind power is one of the cheapest, most efficient ways to get there. Except 80% of the world’s offshore wind blows in deep waters, where it’s difficult to build wind farms. A new design for a radically different kind of wind turbine could begin to change that.

Hywind is powering around 36,000 British homes, and it has already broken U.K. records for energy output. Wind Catching Systems launched the same year Hywind opened. It claims that one unit could power up between 80,000 and 100,000 European households. In ideal conditions, where the wind is at its strongest, one wind catcher unit could produce up to 400 gigawatt-hours of energy. By comparison, the largest, most powerful wind turbine on the market right now produces up to 80 gigawatt-hours.

[Wind Catching Systems]

There are several reasons for this substantial difference. First, the Wind Catcher is taller-approaching the height of the Eiffel Tower-which exposes the rotor blades to higher wind speeds. Second, smaller blades perform better. Heggheim explains that traditional turbines are 120 feet long and usually max out at a certain wind speed. By comparison, the Wind Catcher’s blades are 50 feet long and can perform more rotations per minute, therefore generating more energy.

Green Hydrogen

Green Hydrogen

The following article is a bit dated but is the key to the viability of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.

Analysing the future cost of green hydrogen

Green hydrogen is an extremely promising source of energy, with the potential to power industries. Explore our key projections for this renewable energy source.

Insight

December 2, 2022

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Green hydrogen is an extremely promising source of energy; it has the potential to power industries while helping countries decarbonise their economies. But it also carries significant uncertainty in terms of demand and production costs. PwC recently analysed the emerging green hydrogen revolution and the current and future production costs of green hydrogen through 2050.

The shift from grey to green hydrogen

Hydrogen has long been produced using industrial processes powered by fossil fuels, particularly natural gas. This so-called grey hydrogen is widely available and inexpensive, costing just €1–2/kilogram. However, the process used to make it is greenhouse gas–intensive.

What is green hydrogen?

Green hydrogen is formed by using renewable energy, such as solar or wind, to power electrolysers that split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Because it relies on renewable energy, green hydrogen is far more environmentally sustainable than traditional energy sources, yet it is also more expensive, at €3–8/kilogram.

As the cost of renewable energy production and electrolyser hardware declines, green hydrogen will become more cost-competitive, making it a viable source for applications ranging from power to transportation to industrial processes.

50%

The projected decrease in green hydrogen production costs by 2030

Potential green hydrogen cost trajectories across global markets

To better understand the potential future production costs of renewable energy around the world, we recently evaluated forecasts for different markets. The key projections from our model include the following:

  • Hydrogen production costs will decrease by around 50% by 2030 and then continue to fall steadily at a slightly slower rate until 2050.
  • By 2050, green hydrogen production costs in some parts of the Middle East, Africa, Russia, China, the US and Australia will be in the range of €1/kilogram.
  • Over the same time period, production costs in regions with limited renewable resources, such as parts of Europe, Japan and Korea, will be more than €2/kilogram, making it likely these markets will import green hydrogen from elsewhere.
  • Even densely populated regions with good renewable resources will import hydrogen, as land constraints limit the production of green electricity for direct use and conversion to hydrogen.

Priorities for private business and governments

To capitalise on the emerging opportunity, industries, in partnership with governments, need to start implementing pilot projects in order to gain experience and generate efficiencies through learning curves and scale effects. Governments also need to put the correct regulatory framework in place, which can dramatically swing the economics of projects and make countries more competitive in this rapidly growing market.

Our analysis points to a fundamental conclusion: demand for green hydrogen will grow, and the market is still evolving. However, the infrastructure development that will be required takes time and needs to be planned now. By taking the right steps today, countries can claim their rightful stake while advancing national sustainability agendas.